Acid Reflux in Dogs (GERD): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Acid reflux, also known as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), is a condition that doesn’t just affect humans—dogs can experience it too. While it may be less commonly recognized in veterinary circles compared to other gastrointestinal disorders, GERD in dogs is a real and potentially uncomfortable problem that requires attention and care.
This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about GERD in dogs: what it is, why it happens, how to spot it, and what treatment options are available.
What Is GERD in Dogs?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in dogs is a chronic condition in which acidic stomach contents flow backward into the esophagus. This happens when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscular valve that normally prevents backflow, becomes weak or relaxed. As a result, acid and partially digested food irritate the lining of the esophagus, causing discomfort and potential inflammation (esophagitis).
Over time, GERD can lead to erosion of the esophageal lining, secondary infections, and even complications like aspiration pneumonia if stomach contents are inhaled into the lungs.
Causes of GERD in Dogs
A variety of underlying issues can lead to acid reflux in dogs:
- Anesthesia
- Anesthetic drugs can relax the esophageal sphincter and impair normal muscle contractions, increasing the risk of reflux during and after surgery.
- Hiatal Hernia
- One common cause is when part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest, a condition known as a hiatal hernia. IIt may be present at birth or arise as the dog gets older.
- Carrying excess weight can raise pressure within the abdomen, potentially forcing stomach contents back up into the esophagus.
- Dietary Factors
- Fatty, spicy, or overly rich foods can irritate the stomach lining and trigger reflux.
- Feeding large meals or allowing the dog to lie down immediately after eating can also increase risk.
- Genetic and Breed Predisposition
- Some breeds—especially brachycephalic (short-nosed) breeds like Bulldogs, Boxers, and Pugs—are more prone to gastrointestinal and structural issues that contribute to GERD.
- Congenital Esophageal Abnormalities
- Disorders such as megaesophagus interfere with the esophagus’s ability to transport food efficiently, increasing the likelihood of reflux.
Signs and Symptoms of GERD in Dogs
Acid reflux symptoms in dogs can range widely in severity. In some cases, signs may not appear until the issue becomes more advanced. Common symptoms include:
- One common symptom is regurgitating food or bile, often shortly after meals.
- Gagging, burping, or lip licking
- Frequent swallowing or throat clearing
- Coughing, wheezing, or labored breathing
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Vomiting, especially of yellow bile
- Loss of appetite or picky eating
- Weight loss due to decreased food intake
- Irritability or discomfort after meals
- Restlessness, particularly at night
Diagnosing GERD in Dogs
Diagnosing GERD in dogs can be challenging because the symptoms often overlap with other conditions like food allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, or infections. A veterinarian will typically begin with:
- Physical Examination
- Your vet will assess your dog’s overall health, weight, and signs of pain or discomfort.
- History Taking
- Information about your dog’s eating habits, diet, and behavior can provide important clues.
- Imaging Tests
- X-rays may reveal abnormalities such as hiatal hernias or enlarged esophagus.
- Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus and stomach lining to confirm inflammation, ulcers, or lesions caused by reflux.
- Esophagram (Barium Swallow Test)
- This diagnostic tool helps evaluate esophageal motility and detect structural abnormalities.
Treatment Options for GERD in Dogs
The treatment plan for canine GERD depends on the severity of the condition and any underlying causes. Treatment typically involves a mix of changes to diet, prescribed medications, and adjustments to daily habits.
1. Dietary Management
- Offering smaller, more frequent meals can help prevent the stomach from becoming too full.
- Choose easily digestible, low-fat, and low-acid diets.
- Prescription diets such as Hills i/d, Royal Canin Gastrointestinal, or Purina EN may be recommended.
- Avoid feeding spicy, fatty, or human table scraps.
2. Medications
- Keep your dog in an upright position for at least 20–30 minutes following meals..
- H2-Receptor Antagonists: Help decrease acid secretion (e.g., famotidine).
- Prokinetic Agents: Promote gastric emptying and improve LES tone (e.g., metoclopramide or cisapride).
- Sucralfate: A coating agent that protects and soothes the esophageal lining.
- Antibiotics: Only if secondary bacterial infections are present.
3. Lifestyle Changes
- Refrain from letting your dog engage in strenuous activity or lie down immediately after eating.
- Avoid vigorous exercise or lying down immediately after meals.
- Help your dog maintain a healthy weight.
- Use raised food bowls (only under vet advice; not suitable for all dogs).
Prognosis and Long-Term Management
Most dogs with GERD improve significantly with proper treatment and ongoing care. In cases where a physical abnormality such as a hiatal hernia is to blame, surgical correction might be required.
GERD can be a chronic condition, so long-term dietary management and monitoring may be required. With the right care, most dogs live comfortably without serious complications.
When to See a Vet
If your dog is consistently regurgitating food, showing signs of discomfort after eating, or losing weight, it’s time to visit the vet. Early intervention not only relieves discomfort but also prevents long-term damage to the esophagus and other complications.
Final Thoughts
Acid reflux in dogs, or GERD, is more common than many pet owners realize. While it can be uncomfortable—and even serious if left untreated—it’s manageable with the right approach. Identifying the signs early and seeking timely veterinary attention can significantly improve your dog’s overall health and happiness.
Remember, dogs can’t tell us they’re hurting, but their behavior speaks volumes. If you notice anything unusual, rely on your gut feeling and seek professional advice
